지풍@blog

ipw2200 모듈을 쓰는 무선랜카드가 안 될 경우

백과사전/리눅스 2008. 1. 18. 20:22 by 지풍

redhat 계열을 쓰는 리눅스를 설치 후에 바로 ipw2200 모듈을 쓰는 무선랜카드가 안 되는 경우가 있습니다

원인은 리눅스를 설치 할때 ipw2200 모듈이 필요하는 firmware를 설치 해 주지 않기 때문입니다

dmesg으로 커널 메시지를 보게 되면

ipw2200: Intel(R) PRO/Wireless 2200/2915 Network Driver, 1.2.0kmprq
ipw2200: Copyright(c) 2003-2006 Intel Corporation
PCI: Enabling device 0000:06:05.0 (0000 -> 0002)
ACPI: PCI Interrupt 0000:06:05.0[A] -> GSI 16 (level, low) -> IRQ 169
ipw2200: Detected Intel PRO/Wireless 2200BG Network Connection
ipw2200: ipw2200-bss.fw request_firmware failed: Reason -2
ipw2200: Unable to load firmware: -2
ipw2200: failed to register network device
ACPI: PCI interrupt for device 0000:06:05.0 disabled
ipw2200: probe of 0000:06:05.0 failed with error -5

firmware가 없다고 에러가 뜨게 됩니다

http://ipw2200.sourceforge.net/firmware.php

이 곳에 들어 가서 firmware을 다운 받아 압축을 푼 다음에 생성되는 .fw 파일들을 모두 /lib/firmware/ 으로 넣어주게 되면 제대로 무선랜카드가 인식이 됩니다

그리고 dmesg를 치면 아래와 같이 인식 되는 것을 알 수 있습니다

ipw2200: Intel(R) PRO/Wireless 2200/2915 Network Driver, 1.2.0kmprq
ipw2200: Copyright(c) 2003-2006 Intel Corporation
PCI: Enabling device 0000:06:05.0 (0000 -> 0002)
ACPI: PCI Interrupt 0000:06:05.0[A] -> GSI 16 (level, low) -> IRQ 169
ipw2200: Detected Intel PRO/Wireless 2200BG Network Connection
ipw2200: Detected geography ZZR (14 802.11bg channels, 0 802.11a channels)

또한 iwconfig을 치면 인식 된 무선랜카드를 볼수 있습니다

eth4 unassociated ESSID:off/any
Mode:Managed Channel=0 Access Point: Not-Associated
Bit Rate:0 kb/s Tx-Power=20 dBm Sensitivity=8/0
Retry limit:7 RTS thr:off Fragment thr:off
Encryption key:off
Power Management:off
Link Quality:0 Signal level:0 Noise level:0
Rx invalid nwid:0 Rx invalid crypt:0 Rx invalid frag:0
Tx excessive retries:0 Invalid misc:0 Missed beacon:0

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phpmyadmin 설치 후 "mysql 확장모듈을 불러올 수가 없습니다"라는 메시지가 뜰 때

백과사전/리눅스 2008. 1. 16. 14:50 by 지풍

phpmysql을 설치 후 아래 그림 처럼 "mysql 확장모듈을 불러올 수가 없습니다" 이라는 메시지가 뜨는 경우가 있습니다

php-mysql 이라는 rpm이 설치가 되지 않아서 발생하는 경우 입니다

[root@localhost ~]# rpm -qa | grep php
php-5.1.6-5.el5
php-ldap-5.1.6-5.el5
php-cli-5.1.6-5.el5
php-common-5.1.6-5.el5

그래서 아래와 같이 rpm으로 php-mysql을 설치 하면 되며 php-pdo가 필요하는 경우가 있습니다

그럴 경우에는 아래와 같이 php-mysql 이전에php-pdo를 먼저 설치 해주면 됩니다

아래의 예는 CentOS 5.0을 예로 들은 것이며 해당하는 배포판의 rpm은 ftp://ftp.sayclub.com에서 찾을 수 있습니다

[root@localhost ~]# rpm -Uvh ftp://ftp.sayclub.com/pub/Linux/centos/5.0/os/x86_64/CentOS/php-pdo-5.1.6-5.el5.x86_64.rpm
Retrieving ftp://ftp.sayclub.com/pub/Linux/centos/5.0/os/x86_64/CentOS/php-pdo-5.1.6-5.el5.x86_64.rpm
warning: /var/tmp/rpm-xfer.25WPHP: Header V3 DSA signature: NOKEY, key ID e8562897
Preparing...    ########################################### [100%]
   1:php-pdo    ########################################### [100%]
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -Uvh ftp://ftp.sayclub.com/pub/Linux/centos/5.0/os/x86_64/CentOS/php-mysql-5.1.6-5.el5.x86_64.rpm
Retrieving ftp://ftp.sayclub.com/pub/Linux/centos/5.0/os/x86_64/CentOS/php-mysql-5.1.6-5.el5.x86_64.rpm
warning: /var/tmp/rpm-xfer.ya0dc7: Header V3 DSA signature: NOKEY, key ID e8562897
Preparing...    ########################################### [100%]
   1:php-mysql    ########################################### [100%]

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경제학파, 케인즈 학바 vs 고전학파

백과사전/돈 굴리기 2008. 1. 12. 14:58 by 지풍

시장에 대한 신로의 정도가 다름을 반영하기 때문입니다.

경제학파란, 쉽게 말해 경제이론에 관한 논리나 관점, 사고가 유사한 학자들의 모임이라 할 수 있습니다. 대개는 경제정책과 관련해 원인과 진단에 대해 논점을 달리하고 있습니다. 경제문제가 발생한 원인을 달리 보기 때문에 진단도 다를 수 밖에 없을 것입니다. 가장 큰 차이점은 시장에 대한 신뢰에
있습니다. 시장이 균형 상태로 회복될 것으로 보느냐의 여부로 크게 고전학파 (또는 통화주의학파)와 케인즈학파로 나뉩니다.

다시 말하면, 고전학파는 시장이 불균형 상태에 빠지면 가격 기능이 작동하여 다시 균형 상태로 회복하는, 이른바 시장이 완전하다는 것입니다. 반면, 케인즈학파는 시장이 완전하지 못하기 때문에 (예를 들면, 임금의 하방경직성 등)에 시장 균형으로 돌아가는 것이 상대적으로 어렵다는 점을 강조합니다. 그렇기 때문에 정부가 펴는 경제정책에 대해서도 다른 해석을 내리고 있습니다. 고전학파는 정부의 역할보다는 시장의 역할을 강조합니다. 반면, 케인즈학파는 불완전한 시장보다는 정부의 역할을 강조합니다. 이와 같은 시각에서 정부의 역할이 필요할 때란, 경제에 문제가 생긴 때입니다. 특히 경기 상황이 극심한 불황에 빠져 있을 때 정부가 적극 나서서 재정금융정책 을 펴야 한다고 주장하는 입장이 케인즈학파입니다. 대공황 때 루즈벨트 대통령이 테네시강 개발 등 적극적 재정정책을 취한
사례는 케인즈의 정책을 적극 활용한 것으로 볼 수 있습니다.

자본주의 시장경제체제는 과잉의 문제, 사회주의 경제체제는 부족의 문제가 골칫거리입니다. 결국 총수요가 총공급을 하회하는 불황 시기의 과잉 문제도 고전학파는 시장(물가의 하락으로 총수요 증가)에 맡겨두면 자연스럽게 치유된다고 주장한 반면, 케인즈학파는 내수의 부족을 진작시키는 경제정책이 필요함을 주장합니다.

이렇기 때문에 케인즈 경제학은 불황일 때 유효하다는 것입니다. 그렇데 고전학파 이론이 호황일 때 유효하다는 것은 정확한 표현이라 할 수 없습니다. 굳이 고전학파가 호황일 때 유효하다는 것은 경제가 제대로 작동하고 있을 때 정부가
개입해야 할 필요가 없다는 점에서 가능한 해석일 수 있습
니다. 경제상황에 관계없이 정부의 개입을 최소화해야 한다는
것이 기본적인 입장입니다. 나아가 고전학파는 정부의 시장
개입이 경제를 왜곡시킬 수 있음을 경계하고 있습니다.

김진영 KDI 경제정보센터 / 클릭 경제교육 2007년 3월 중에서

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Fedora Core 계열에서 커널 컴파일을 하기 위한 환경 설정

백과사전/리눅스 2008. 1. 12. 12:44 by 지풍

언제부터인가 몰라도 Fedora Core 나 Redhat el(CentOS 포함) 계열에서

기본설치를 하면 gcc가 설치 안 되는 어처구니 없는 현실이....

기본적으로 커널 컴파일을 하기 위해서 gcc를 설치 해야 하는데

Fedora Core 7 기본 설치 된 곳에서 gcc를 설치 방법입니다

일단 네트워크가 되는 환경이고 rpm 들은 모두 외부에서 받아 오는 것으로 했습니다

glib
rpm -Uvh ftp://ftp.sayclub.com/pub/Linux/fedora/releases/7/Fedora/x86_64/os/Fedora/glib-1.2.10-26.fc7.x86_64.rpm

kernel-header
rpm -Uvh ftp://ftp.sayclub.com/pub/Linux/fedora/releases/7/Fedora/x86_64/os/Fedora/kernel-headers-2.6.21-1.3194.fc7.x86_64.rpm

glibc-headers
rpm ftp://ftp.sayclub.com/pub/Linux/fedora/releases/7/Fedora/x86_64/os/Fedora/glibc-headers-2.6-3.x86_64.rpm

glibc-devel
rpm -Uvh ftp://ftp.sayclub.com/pub/Linux/fedora/releases/7/Fedora/x86_64/os/Fedora/glibc-devel-2.6-3.x86_64.rpm

gcc
rpm -Uvh ftp://ftp.sayclub.com/pub/Linux/fedora/releases/7/Fedora/x86_64/os/Fedora/gcc-4.1.2-12.x86_64.rpm

ncures-devel
rpm -Uvh ftp://ftp.sayclub.com/pub/Linux/fedora/releases/7/Fedora/x86_64/os/Fedora/ncurses-devel-5.6-6.20070303.fc7.x86_64.rpm

이 순서 대로 rpm을 설치 하면 기본 설치 된 곳에서도 커널 컴파일이 되도록 gcc가 설치가 됩니다

다른 배포판에서도 위 rpm 순서대로(버전은 좀 다르겠지만은요) 설치하면 gcc를 설치 할 수 있습니다

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CentOS 5.x에서 yum으로 vlc 설치 하기

백과사전/리눅스 2008. 1. 6. 18:55 by 지풍

CentOS에서 5.x에서 yum으로 vlc를 설치 할려면

2nd party RPM인 rpmforge(http://rpmforge.net/user/packages/rpmforge-release/)를 설치 해야 합니다

위 주소로 들어 가면 rpmforge rpm을 받을수 있으나 페이지 관리가 안 되어서 업데이트가 안 되는것 같습니다

그래서 아래 주소에서 받으면 되며 버전 뒤에 붙은 배포판에 따라 받으면 됩니다
http://apt.sw.be/packages/rpmforge-release/

참고로 Red Hat Enterprise Linux(el)와 CentOS가 클론이기 때문에 el 버전에 따라 받아서 설치 하면 됩니다

일단 아래처럼 rpm으로 rpmforge 설치 하고

[root@localhost ~]# rpm -Uvh http://apt.sw.be/packages/rpmforge-release/rpmforge-release-0.3.6-1.el5.rf.i386.rpm
Retrieving http://apt.sw.be/packages/rpmforge-release/rpmforge-release-0.3.6-1.el5.rf.i386.rpm
warning: /var/tmp/rpm-xfer.uHz9oY: Header V3 DSA signature: NOKEY, key ID 6b8d79e6
Preparing...    ########################################### [100%]
   1:rpmforge-release ########################################### [100%]
[root@localhost ~]#

아래와 같이 yum으로 vlc를 설치 하면 vlc를 간단하게 쓸수 있습니다

[root@localhost ~]# yum install vlc
Loading "installonlyn" plugin
Setting up Install Process
Setting up repositories
rpmforge    100% |=========================| 1.1 kB    00:00
base    100% |=========================| 1.1 kB    00:00
updates 100% |=========================| 951 B    00:00
addons    100% |=========================| 951 B    00:00
extras    100% |=========================| 1.1 kB    00:00
Reading repository metadata in from local files
primary.xml.gz    100% |=========================| 1.4 MB    00:05
################################################## 5765/5765
primary.xml.gz    100% |=========================| 1.1 MB    00:08
################################################## 3131/3131
primary.xml.gz    100% |=========================| 108 kB    00:00
################################################## 214/214
primary.xml.gz    100% |=========================| 157 B    00:00
primary.xml.gz    100% |=========================| 77 kB    00:00
################################################## 254/254
Parsing package install arguments
Resolving Dependencies
--> Populating transaction set with selected packages. Please wait.
---> Downloading header for vlc to pack into transaction set.
vlc-0.8.6d-2.el5.rf.x86_6 100% |=========================| 87 kB    00:01
---> Package vlc.x86_64 0:0.8.6d-2.el5.rf set to be updated
--> Running transaction check
--> Processing Dependency: libdvbpsi.so.4()(64bit) for package: vlc
--> Processing Dependency: libid3tag.so.0()(64bit) for package: vlc
--> Processing Dependency: libx264.so.55()(64bit) for package: vlc
--> Processing Dependency: libmp3lame.so.0()(64bit) for package: vlc
--> Processing Dependency: libwx_gtk2u_adv-2.6.so.0()(64bit) for package: vlc
--> Processing Dependency: libmatroska.so.0()(64bit) for package: vlc
--> Processing Dependency: libdvdread.so.3()(64bit) for package: vlc
--> Processing Dependency: libwx_baseu-2.6.so.0(WXU_2.6)(64bit) for package: vlc
--> Processing Dependency: libwx_baseu-2.6.so.0()(64bit) for package: vlc
--> Processing Dependency: libvcdinfo.so.0()(64bit) for package: vlc
--> Processing Dependency: libwx_baseu_xml-2.6.so.0()(64bit) for package: vlc
--> Processing Dependency: libcddb.so.2()(64bit) for package: vlc
--> Processing Dependency: libwx_gtk2u_core-2.6.so.0(WXU_2.6.2)(64bit) for package: vlc
--> Processing Dependency: liblirc_client.so.0()(64bit) for package: vlc
--> Processing Dependency: libcaca.so.0()(64bit) for package: vlc
--> Processing Dependency: libdvdnav.so.4()(64bit) for package: vlc
--> Processing Dependency: libwx_baseu_net-2.6.so.0()(64bit) for package: vlc
--> Processing Dependency: libwx_gtk2u_html-2.6.so.0()(64bit) for package: vlc
--> Processing Dependency: libxosd.so.2()(64bit) for package: vlc
--> Processing Dependency: libwx_gtk2u_xrc-2.6.so.0()(64bit) for package: vlc
--> Processing Dependency: liba52.so.0()(64bit) for package: vlc
--> Processing Dependency: libupnp.so.3()(64bit) for package: vlc
--> Processing Dependency: libSDL_image-1.2.so.0()(64bit) for package: vlc
--> Processing Dependency: libmodplug.so.0()(64bit) for package: vlc
--> Processing Dependency: libcdio.so.7()(64bit) for package: vlc
--> Processing Dependency: libfaac.so.0()(64bit) for package: vlc
--> Processing Dependency: libwx_gtk2u_adv-2.6.so.0(WXU_2.6)(64bit) for package: vlc
--> Processing Dependency: libmpcdec.so.5()(64bit) for package: vlc
--> Processing Dependency: libopendaap.so.0()(64bit) for package: vlc
--> Processing Dependency: libcucul.so.0()(64bit) for package: vlc
--> Processing Dependency: libmpeg2.so.0()(64bit) for package: vlc
--> Processing Dependency: libwx_gtk2u_core-2.6.so.0(WXU_2.6)(64bit) for package: vlc
--> Processing Dependency: libebml.so.0()(64bit) for package: vlc
--> Processing Dependency: libiso9660.so.5()(64bit) for package: vlc
--> Processing Dependency: libwx_gtk2u_qa-2.6.so.0()(64bit) for package: vlc
--> Processing Dependency: libwx_gtk2u_core-2.6.so.0()(64bit) for package: vlc
--> Processing Dependency: libmad.so.0()(64bit) for package: vlc
--> Processing Dependency: libfaad.so.0()(64bit) for package: vlc
--> Processing Dependency: libaa.so.1()(64bit) for package: vlc
--> Restarting Dependency Resolution with new changes.
--> Populating transaction set with selected packages. Please wait.
---> Downloading header for aalib to pack into transaction set.
aalib-1.4.0-5.el5.rf.x86_ 100% |=========================| 6.1 kB    00:00
---> Package aalib.x86_64 0:1.4.0-5.el5.rf set to be updated
---> Downloading header for libebml to pack into transaction set.
libebml-0.7.7-1.el5.rf.x8 100% |=========================| 3.3 kB    00:00
---> Package libebml.x86_64 0:0.7.7-1.el5.rf set to be updated
---> Downloading header for lirc to pack into transaction set.
lirc-0.6.6-4.el5.rf.x86_6 100% |=========================| 26 kB    00:00
---> Package lirc.x86_64 0:0.6.6-4.el5.rf set to be updated
---> Downloading header for libcdio to pack into transaction set.
libcdio-0.77-1.el5.rf.x86 100% |=========================| 8.7 kB    00:00
---> Package libcdio.x86_64 0:0.77-1.el5.rf set to be updated
---> Downloading header for libcddb to pack into transaction set.
libcddb-1.3.0-1.el5.rf.x8 100% |=========================| 3.9 kB    00:00
---> Package libcddb.x86_64 0:1.3.0-1.el5.rf set to be updated
---> Downloading header for lame to pack into transaction set.
lame-3.97-1.el5.rf.x86_64 100% |=========================| 6.3 kB    00:00
---> Package lame.x86_64 0:3.97-1.el5.rf set to be updated
---> Downloading header for faac to pack into transaction set.
faac-1.25-2.el5.rf.x86_64 100% |=========================| 4.2 kB    00:00
---> Package faac.x86_64 0:1.25-2.el5.rf set to be updated
---> Downloading header for faad2 to pack into transaction set.
faad2-2.5-2.el5.rf.x86_64 100% |=========================| 4.8 kB    00:00
---> Package faad2.x86_64 0:2.5-2.el5.rf set to be updated
---> Downloading header for vcdimager to pack into transaction set.
vcdimager-0.7.23-5.el5.rf 100% |=========================| 8.1 kB    00:00
---> Package vcdimager.x86_64 0:0.7.23-5.el5.rf set to be updated
---> Downloading header for mpeg2dec to pack into transaction set.
mpeg2dec-0.4.1-2.el5.rf.x 100% |=========================| 5.4 kB    00:00
---> Package mpeg2dec.x86_64 0:0.4.1-2.el5.rf set to be updated
---> Downloading header for xosd to pack into transaction set.
xosd-2.2.14-1.el5.rf.x86_ 100% |=========================| 5.7 kB    00:00
---> Package xosd.x86_64 0:2.2.14-1.el5.rf set to be updated
---> Downloading header for libdvbpsi to pack into transaction set.
libdvbpsi-0.1.5-2.el5.rf. 100% |=========================| 4.0 kB    00:00
---> Package libdvbpsi.x86_64 0:0.1.5-2.el5.rf set to be updated
---> Downloading header for wxGTK to pack into transaction set.
wxGTK-2.6.3-1.el5.rf.x86_ 100% |=========================| 19 kB    00:00
---> Package wxGTK.x86_64 0:2.6.3-1.el5.rf set to be updated
---> Downloading header for libmpcdec to pack into transaction set.
libmpcdec-1.2.6-1.el5.rf. 100% |=========================| 4.2 kB    00:00
---> Package libmpcdec.x86_64 0:1.2.6-1.el5.rf set to be updated
---> Downloading header for x264 to pack into transaction set.
x264-0.0.0-0.4.20070529.e 100% |=========================| 4.4 kB    00:00
---> Package x264.x86_64 0:0.0.0-0.4.20070529.el5.rf set to be updated
---> Downloading header for a52dec to pack into transaction set.
a52dec-0.7.4-8.el5.rf.x86 100% |=========================| 4.9 kB    00:00
---> Package a52dec.x86_64 0:0.7.4-8.el5.rf set to be updated
---> Downloading header for libcaca to pack into transaction set.
libcaca-0.99-0.1.beta11.e 100% |=========================| 3.8 kB    00:00
---> Package libcaca.x86_64 0:0.99-0.1.beta11.el5.rf set to be updated
---> Downloading header for libdvdnav to pack into transaction set.
libdvdnav-0.1.10-3.el5.rf 100% |=========================| 4.0 kB    00:00
---> Package libdvdnav.x86_64 0:0.1.10-3.el5.rf set to be updated
---> Downloading header for libdvdread to pack into transaction set.
libdvdread-0.9.7-1.el5.rf 100% |=========================| 4.2 kB    00:00
---> Package libdvdread.x86_64 0:0.9.7-1.el5.rf set to be updated
---> Downloading header for libopendaap to pack into transaction set.
libopendaap-0.4.0-2.el5.r 100% |=========================| 3.6 kB    00:00
---> Package libopendaap.x86_64 0:0.4.0-2.el5.rf set to be updated
---> Downloading header for libmatroska to pack into transaction set.
libmatroska-0.8.0-1.el5.r 100% |=========================| 3.9 kB    00:00
---> Package libmatroska.x86_64 0:0.8.0-1.el5.rf set to be updated
---> Downloading header for libid3tag to pack into transaction set.
libid3tag-0.15.1b-3.el5.r 100% |=========================| 4.1 kB    00:00
---> Package libid3tag.x86_64 0:0.15.1b-3.el5.rf set to be updated
---> Downloading header for SDL_image to pack into transaction set.
SDL_image-1.2.5-1.el5.rf. 100% |=========================| 3.5 kB    00:00
---> Package SDL_image.x86_64 0:1.2.5-1.el5.rf set to be updated
---> Downloading header for libmodplug to pack into transaction set.
libmodplug-0.7-1.2.el5.rf 100% |=========================| 3.4 kB    00:00
---> Package libmodplug.x86_64 0:0.7-1.2.el5.rf set to be updated
---> Downloading header for libupnp to pack into transaction set.
libupnp-1.6.1-1.el5.rf.x8 100% |=========================| 4.8 kB    00:00
---> Package libupnp.x86_64 0:1.6.1-1.el5.rf set to be updated
---> Downloading header for libmad to pack into transaction set.
libmad-0.15.1b-4.el5.rf.x 100% |=========================| 4.2 kB    00:00
---> Package libmad.x86_64 0:0.15.1b-4.el5.rf set to be updated
--> Running transaction check
--> Processing Dependency: libglut.so.3()(64bit) for package: libcaca
--> Processing Dependency: libdvdcss >= 1.2.5 for package: libdvdread
--> Processing Dependency: libmp4v2.so.0()(64bit) for package: faac
--> Restarting Dependency Resolution with new changes.
--> Populating transaction set with selected packages. Please wait.
---> Downloading header for freeglut to pack into transaction set.
freeglut-2.4.0-7.1.el5.x8 100% |=========================| 8.7 kB    00:00
---> Package freeglut.x86_64 0:2.4.0-7.1.el5 set to be updated
---> Downloading header for libdvdcss to pack into transaction set.
libdvdcss-1.2.9-2.el5.rf. 100% |=========================| 4.0 kB    00:00
---> Package libdvdcss.x86_64 0:1.2.9-2.el5.rf set to be updated
---> Downloading header for libmp4v2 to pack into transaction set.
libmp4v2-1.5.0.1-3.el5.rf 100% |=========================| 4.7 kB    00:00
---> Package libmp4v2.x86_64 0:1.5.0.1-3.el5.rf set to be updated
--> Running transaction check

Dependencies Resolved

=============================================================================
Package Arch Version    Repository    Size
=============================================================================
Installing:
vlc x86_64 0.8.6d-2.el5.rf rpmforge 21 M
Installing for dependencies:
SDL_image x86_64 1.2.5-1.el5.rf rpmforge 87 k
a52dec    x86_64 0.7.4-8.el5.rf rpmforge 82 k
aalib x86_64 1.4.0-5.el5.rf rpmforge    171 k
faac    x86_64 1.25-2.el5.rf    rpmforge    138 k
faad2 x86_64 2.5-2.el5.rf rpmforge    335 k
freeglut    x86_64 2.4.0-7.1.el5    base    150 k
lame    x86_64 3.97-1.el5.rf    rpmforge    625 k
libcaca x86_64 0.99-0.1.beta11.el5.rf rpmforge    237 k
libcddb x86_64 1.3.0-1.el5.rf rpmforge    114 k
libcdio x86_64 0.77-1.el5.rf    rpmforge    527 k
libdvbpsi x86_64 0.1.5-2.el5.rf rpmforge 69 k
libdvdcss x86_64 1.2.9-2.el5.rf rpmforge 62 k
libdvdnav x86_64 0.1.10-3.el5.rf rpmforge    212 k
libdvdread    x86_64 0.9.7-1.el5.rf rpmforge    127 k
libebml x86_64 0.7.7-1.el5.rf rpmforge    298 k
libid3tag x86_64 0.15.1b-3.el5.rf rpmforge 78 k
libmad    x86_64 0.15.1b-4.el5.rf rpmforge 80 k
libmatroska x86_64 0.8.0-1.el5.rf rpmforge    698 k
libmodplug    x86_64 0.7-1.2.el5.rf rpmforge    303 k
libmp4v2    x86_64 1.5.0.1-3.el5.rf rpmforge    916 k
libmpcdec x86_64 1.2.6-1.el5.rf rpmforge 54 k
libopendaap x86_64 0.4.0-2.el5.rf rpmforge    122 k
libupnp x86_64 1.6.1-1.el5.rf rpmforge    288 k
lirc    x86_64 0.6.6-4.el5.rf rpmforge    251 k
mpeg2dec    x86_64 0.4.1-2.el5.rf rpmforge    182 k
vcdimager x86_64 0.7.23-5.el5.rf rpmforge    795 k
wxGTK x86_64 2.6.3-1.el5.rf rpmforge 20 M
x264    x86_64 0.0.0-0.4.20070529.el5.rf rpmforge    773 k
xosd    x86_64 2.2.14-1.el5.rf rpmforge 60 k

Transaction Summary
=============================================================================
Install 30 Package(s)
Update 0 Package(s)
Remove 0 Package(s)

Total download size: 48 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages: : vlc-0.8.6d-2.el5 100% |=========================| 21 MB    00:27
warning: rpmts_HdrFromFdno: Header V3 DSA signature: NOKEY, key ID e8562897
Importing GPG key 0xE8562897 "CentOS-5 Key (CentOS 5 Official Signing Key) <centos-5-key@centos.org>" from http://mirror.centos.org/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-5
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Running Transaction Test
Finished Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
Installing: libcdio    ####################### [ 1/30]
Installing: libebml    ####################### [ 2/30]
Installing: libmatroska    ####################### [ 3/30]
Installing: libcddb    ####################### [ 4/30]
Installing: vcdimager    ####################### [ 5/30]
Installing: libmad ####################### [ 6/30]
Installing: libupnp    ####################### [ 7/30]
Installing: libmodplug ####################### [ 8/30]
Installing: SDL_image    ####################### [ 9/30]
Installing: libid3tag    ####################### [10/30]
Installing: libopendaap    ####################### [11/30]
Installing: libdvdnav    ####################### [12/30]
Installing: a52dec ####################### [13/30]
Installing: x264 ####################### [14/30]
Installing: libmpcdec    ####################### [15/30]
Installing: wxGTK    ####################### [16/30]
Installing: libdvbpsi    ####################### [17/30]
Installing: xosd ####################### [18/30]
Installing: libmp4v2 ####################### [19/30]
Installing: faac ####################### [20/30]
Installing: mpeg2dec ####################### [21/30]
Installing: faad2    ####################### [22/30]
Installing: lame ####################### [23/30]
Installing: lirc ####################### [24/30]
Installing: libdvdcss    ####################### [25/30]
Installing: libdvdread ####################### [26/30]
Installing: freeglut ####################### [27/30]
Installing: libcaca    ####################### [28/30]
Installing: aalib    ####################### [29/30]
Installing: vlc    ####################### [30/30]

Installed: vlc.x86_64 0:0.8.6d-2.el5.rf
Dependency Installed: SDL_image.x86_64 0:1.2.5-1.el5.rf a52dec.x86_64 0:0.7.4-8.el5.rf aalib.x86_64 0:1.4.0-5.el5.rf faac.x86_64 0:1.25-2.el5.rf faad2.x86_64 0:2.5-2.el5.rf freeglut.x86_64 0:2.4.0-7.1.el5 lame.x86_64 0:3.97-1.el5.rf libcaca.x86_64 0:0.99-0.1.beta11.el5.rf libcddb.x86_64 0:1.3.0-1.el5.rf libcdio.x86_64 0:0.77-1.el5.rf libdvbpsi.x86_64 0:0.1.5-2.el5.rf libdvdcss.x86_64 0:1.2.9-2.el5.rf libdvdnav.x86_64 0:0.1.10-3.el5.rf libdvdread.x86_64 0:0.9.7-1.el5.rf libebml.x86_64 0:0.7.7-1.el5.rf libid3tag.x86_64 0:0.15.1b-3.el5.rf libmad.x86_64 0:0.15.1b-4.el5.rf libmatroska.x86_64 0:0.8.0-1.el5.rf libmodplug.x86_64 0:0.7-1.2.el5.rf libmp4v2.x86_64 0:1.5.0.1-3.el5.rf libmpcdec.x86_64 0:1.2.6-1.el5.rf libopendaap.x86_64 0:0.4.0-2.el5.rf libupnp.x86_64 0:1.6.1-1.el5.rf lirc.x86_64 0:0.6.6-4.el5.rf mpeg2dec.x86_64 0:0.4.1-2.el5.rf vcdimager.x86_64 0:0.7.23-5.el5.rf wxGTK.x86_64 0:2.6.3-1.el5.rf x264.x86_64 0:0.0.0-0.4.20070529.el5.rf xosd.x86_64 0:2.2.14-1.el5.rf
Complete!
[root@localhost ~]#

:

sshd가 /var/empty/sshd must be ... 이란 메시지로 실행이 안 될떄

백과사전/리눅스 2007. 10. 18. 22:29 by 지풍

sshd를 실행 하면

/var/empty/sshd must be owned by root and not group or world-writable.

이란 메시지가 뜨면서 실행이 안 되는 경우가 있습니다

이럴 경우에는

/var/empty/sshd 디렉토리를 root로 소유자를 바꿔 주고 다시 sshd를 수행하면 됩니다
(chown root /var/empty/sshd/ )

:

tcpreplay

백과사전/리눅스 2007. 9. 18. 17:12 by 지풍

Overview

tcpreplay has evolved quite a bit over the years. In the 1.x days, it merely read packets and sent then back on the wire. In 2.x, tcpreplay was enhanced significantly to add various rewriting functionality but at the cost of complexity, performance and bloat. Now in 3.x, tcpreplay has returned to its roots to be a lean packet sending machine and the editing functions have moved to tcprewrite.

Basic Usage

To replay a given pcap as it was captured all you need to do is specify the pcap file and the interface to send the traffic out interface 'eth0':

# tcpreplay --intf1=eth0 sample.pcap

Replaying at different speeds

You can also replay the traffic at different speeds then it was originally captured. Some examples:

To replay traffic as quickly as possible:

# tcpreplay --topspeed --intf1=eth0 sample.pcap

To replay traffic at a rate of 10Mbps:

# tcpreplay --mbps=10.0 --intf1=eth0 sample.pcap

To replay traffic 7.3 times as fast as it was captured:

# tcpreplay --multiplier=7.3 --intf1=eth0 sample.pcap

To replay traffic at half-speed:

# tcpreplay --multiplier=0.5 --intf1=eth0 sample.pcap

To replay at 25 packets per second:

# tcpreplay --pps=25 --intf1=eth0 sample.pcap

To replay packets, one at a time while decoding it (useful for debugging purposes):

# tcpreplay --oneatatime --verbose --intf1=eth0 sample.pcap

Replaying files multiple times

Using the loop flag you can specify that a pcap file will be sent two or more times:

To replay the sample.pcap file 10 times:

# tcpreplay --loop=10 --intf1=eth0 sample.pcap

To replay the sample.pcap an infinitely or until CTRL-C is pressed:

# tcpreplay --loop=0 --intf1=eth0 sample.pcap

If the pcap files you are looping are small enough to fit in available RAM, consider using the --enable-file-cache option. This option caches each packet in RAM so that subsequent reads don't have to hit the slower disk. It does have a slight performance hit for the first iteration of the loop since it has to call malloc() for each packet, but after that it seems to improve performance by around 5-10%. Of course if you don't have enough free RAM, then this will cause your system to swap which will dramatically decrease performance.

Another useful option is --quiet. This suppresses printing out to the screen each time tcpreplay starts a new iteration. This can have a dramatic performance boost for systems with slower consoles.

Advanced Usage

Splitting Traffic Between Two Interfaces

By utilizing tcpprep cache files, tcpreplay can split traffic between two interfaces. This allows tcpreplay to send traffic through a device and emulate both client and server sides of the connection, thereby maintaining state. Using a tcpprep cache file to split traffic between two interfaces (eth0 & eth1) with tcpreplay is simple:

# tcpreplay --cachefile=sample.prep --intf1=eth0 --intf2=eth1 sample.pcap

Viewing Packets as They are Sent

The --verbose flag turns on basic tcpdump decoding of packets. If you would like to alter the way tcpreplay invokes tcpdump to decode packets, then you can use the --decode flag. Note: Use of the --verbose flag is not recommended when performance is important. Please see the tcpdump(1) man page for options to pass to the --decode flag.

Choosing a Timing Method

tcpreplay now supports two methods for creating delays between two packets:

nanosleep() (default)
gettimeofday()

The important thing to understand is that nanosleep() isn't always very accurate. Linux 2.4 and 2.6 kernels for example are accurate to 10ms, hence any packet may be sent 10ms too soon or late. The result is that nanosleep() may not provide the accuracy reqiured for all situations. Specifying the --accurate flag to tcpreplay switches to using gettimeofday() in a loop. The result is much better accuracy (~1ms), but higher CPU utilization since tcpreplay isn't sleeping between packets.

Of course neither method is really sufficient for all situations. If you wanted to send 4,000 packets per second, that would require sending a packet every .25ms which would require a higher resolution timer then either method provides. See ticket #41 for more details.

Tuning for High-Performance

Regardless of the size of physical memory, UNIX kernels will only allocate a static amount for network buffers. This includes packets sent via the "raw" interface, like with tcpreplay. Most kernels will allow you to tweak the size of these buffers, drastically increasing performance and accuracy.

NOTE: The following information is provided based upon my own experiences or the reported experiences of others. Depending on your hardware and specific hardware, it may or may not work for you. It may even make your system horribly unstable, corrupt your harddrive, or worse.

NOTE: Different operating systems, network card drivers, and even hardware can have an effect on the accuracy of packet timestamps that tcpdump or other capture utilities generate. And as you know: garbage in, garbage out.

NOTE: If you have information on tuning the kernel of an operating system not listed here, please send it to me so I can include it.

General Tips

Use a good network card. This is probably the most important buying decision you can make. I recommend Intel e1000 series cards. El-cheapo cards like Realtek are known to give really crappy performance.
Tune your OS. See below for recommendations.
Faster is better. If you want really high-performance, make sure your disk I/O, CPU and the like is up to the task.
For more details, check out the FAQ
If you're looping file(s), make sure you have enough free RAM for the pcap file(s) and use --enable-file-cache
Use --quiet
Do not use ./configure --enable-tcpreplay-edit

Linux 2.4.x

The following is known to apply to the 2.4.x series of kernels and may work with 2.6.x (I haven't bothered to try yet). If anyone has any information regarding other kernel versions, please let me know. By default Linux's tcpreplay performance isn't all that stellar. However, with a simple tweak, relatively decent performance can be had on the right hardware. By default, Linux specifies a 64K buffer for sending packets. Increasing this buffer to about half a megabyte does a good job:

echo 524287 >/proc/sys/net/core/wmem_default 
echo 524287 >/proc/sys/net/core/wmem_max 
echo 524287 >/proc/sys/net/core/rmem_max 
echo 524287 >/proc/sys/net/core/rmem_default

On one system, we've seen a jump from 23.02 megabits/sec (5560 packets/sec) to 220.30 megabits/sec (53212 packets/sec) which is nearly a 10x increase in performance. Depending on your system and capture file, different numbers may provide different results.

*BSD

*BSD systems typically allow you to specify the size of network buffers with the NMBCLUSTERS option in the kernel config file. Experiment with different sizes to see which yields the best performance. See the options(4) man page for more details.

:

redhat 계열(redhat, Fedora등)에서 배포판 버전확인

백과사전/컴퓨터 2007. 9. 15. 12:46 by 지풍

redhat 계열에서는(redhat, Fedora, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, CentOS등) 해당하는 배포판의 버전을 /etc/redhat-release에 해당하는 배포판의 버전이 있습니다

간혹 하위 버전의 배포판으로 만들어진 소스가 상위 버전의 배포판에서도 컴파일이 되지만

지원하지 않는 배포판이라고 컴파일이 안 될 경우에는 이 파일에 해당하는 하위 버전의 배포판으로 변경해 주면 됩니다

참고로 아래는 자주 쓰는 redhat 9 이랑 Fedora에서 redhat-release입니다

Fedora Core release 1 (Yarrow)
Fedora Core release 2 (Tettnang)
Fedora Core release 3 (Heidelberg)
Fedora Core release 4 (Stentz)
Fedora Core release 5 (Bordeaux)
Fedora Core release 6 (Zod)
Fedora Core release 7 (Moonshine)
Red Hat Linux release 9 (Shrike)

:

동양종금 RP금리 변경 안내(8월 16일 부터)

백과사전/돈 굴리기 2007. 8. 15. 13:43 by 지풍

:

KOSPI200 [Korea Stock Price Index 200]

백과사전/돈 굴리기 2007. 7. 9. 17:51 by 지풍

대표적인 주식 200개 종목으로 산출하는 시가총액식 주가지수.

한국종합주가지수200, 코스피200, 200지수, 선물지수200이라고도 한다. 한국을 대표하는 주식 200개 종목의 시가총액을 지수화한 것이다. 이들의 시가총액이 1990년 1월 3일 기준으로 얼마나 변동되었는지를 나타내는 것으로, 증권거래소가 1994년 6월 도입하였다.

200개 종목은 시장 대표성, 유동성, 업종 대표성을 고려하여 선정하는데, 전체종목을 어업·광업·제조업·전기가스업·건설업·유통서비스업·통신업·금융서비스업·오락문화서비스 등 9개 업군으로 분류하여 시가총액과 거래량 비중이 높은 종목들을 우선 선정한다.

연 1회 선물·옵션주가지수 운영위원회에서 정기심의를 거쳐 종목을 새로 구성하여 7월 1일부터 적용한다. 상장이 폐지되거나 관리종목으로 지정 또는 인수합병 등이 발생하면 대상에서 제외되고 미리 정해진 순서에 따라 새 종목이 자동으로 합류된다.

상장종목수의 20%밖에 되지 않으나 전종목 시가총액의 70%를 차지하여 종합주가지수의 움직임과 일치한다. 선물·옵션거래대상이 되는 상품으로 취급되어 투자신탁회사가 이를 사용할 때에는 사용료를 낸다. 한편 코스닥시장에서는 대표적인 50개 종목을 KOSDAQ50으로 선정하여 운영하고 있다.

출처 : 네이버 백과사전
http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=794494